Platform Ecosystem — Engineering Plan
Global Risk · Food Security · Natural Resource Management
06

Natural Resource Management Platform — Engineering Detail

Land Cover and Environmental Monitoring (LCEM). Five PDD components — Land Cover & Change, Carbon Estimation, Ecosystem Intelligence, NbS Monitoring, Decision Support — which resolve, in build terms, into twelve monitoring themes on the same three-clock structure: a change alert now, an annual accounting number, and a scenario projection. South Asia is the starting hub. Firm guardrail throughout: the platform provides underlying MRV data — it does not issue, register or guarantee carbon credits.

Fig. 6 — The build matrix

Clock 1 · Change alertsSomething changed — days to weeks latency, routed to enforcement
Clock 2 · Annual accountingThe official number — area, stock, emission, reported once a year
Clock 3 · Scenario & climateWhat happens under a policy or climate path
Land cover & changethe backbone
Built — reuseRLCMS + UMD GLAD / GFW alert stack
Built — reuseRLCMS annual maps + CEO sample-based accuracy assessment
New buildLand-use change scenarios — the TerraClass/InVEST pattern, generalised
Deforestation & loggingnear-global coverage
PartnerGFW integrated alerts — GLAD-L/S2, RADD, DIST-ALERT
PartnerAnnual forest-loss area, reconciled to each country's own forest definition
New buildDriver-based deforestation scenarios (road, commodity, price)
Illegal gold miningSERVIR's own asset
Built — reuseCoMiMo (Colombia) + RAMI (Peru), SAR through cloud; mining-detector elsewhere
New buildAnnual mined-area accounting and rehabilitation tracking
Different driverDriven by gold price and enforcement, not by climate
Charcoal & fuelwoodWest Africa
Built — regionalGhana Charcoal Production Site Monitoring portal (CERSGIS)
New buildDegradation-area accounting — distinct from outright forest loss
GapFuelwood demand projection needs household-energy data the platform lacks
Forest carbon stockbiomass
Out of scopeBiomass is a stock, not an event — nothing to alert on
PartnerESA CCI Biomass + NASA GEDI, combined — underused in official FREL submissions
New buildGrowth and regrowth projection under climate
REDD+ activity dataMRV reporting
Out of scopeMRV is an annual reporting cycle by construction
PartnerSEPAL (FAO / Open Foris) — the standard tool, already in use across hubs
PartnerForest reference emission level setting, per GFOI/OpenMRV methodology
Mangroves & coastaltwo hubs live
New buildSAR-based mangrove-loss alerting — the annual products exist, the alert path does not
Built — regionalMANGLEE (Ecuador) and GuyMIS (Guyana) — generalise, don't rebuild
Partner + buildMangrove migration under sea level rise — joins §04's SLR layer directly
Wetlands & inland watershared with §04
Built — reuseSurface-water extent from HydraFloods — the same pipeline as flood monitoring
Built — regionalAnnual water extent + iSWIM water-quality indicators
Partner + buildWater availability under CMIP6, via GEOGloWS climate runs
Biodiversitylicence-vs-build
Built — regionalCambodia Protected Area Alerts — the working pattern for PA-scoped alerting
PartnerIUCN STAR via IBAT (paid) or open GBIF + Planetary Computer intactness
GapSpecies-range shift under climate is research-grade, not decision-grade
Ecosystem servicesvaluation
Out of scopeValuation is an analysis, not a monitoring signal
PartnerInVEST (Natural Capital Project) run against SERVIR's own land cover
Built — regionalAcre/Ucayali forest-change scenario service — the precedent to generalise
Wildlife traffickingarchitecturally distinct
PartnerMegaDetector camera-trap triage feeding SMART patrol case management
PartnerSMART case aggregation and patrol-effort reporting
Not remote sensingRemote sensing cannot detect the trade or movement of wildlife products
NbS & restorationthe newest component
New buildRestoration-site change detection — same pipeline, opposite sign
New buildRestoration area and survival accounting
New buildProjected carbon and biodiversity benefit — the NbS business case
Built inside SERVIR — reuse, do not rebuild Adopt an external open tool or dataset New build work, on top of an open foundation Genuine gap — ship with an explicit confidence flag Deliberately out of scope for this clock
What the matrix says at a glance. This is the strongest of the three platforms on Clock 1 — SERVIR owns working alerting assets for land cover, mining, charcoal, water and protected areas. The weakness is Clock 3: nine of twelve scenario cells are build-or-gap, and scenario projection is precisely what a REDD+ or TFFF conversation asks for. The second pattern worth naming: five of the "built" cells are regional — Ecuador, Guyana, Ghana, Cambodia, Acre/Ucayali. Generalising five regional tools is a different, and easier, job than building five new ones.

Fig. 7 — How the elements interact

Sentinel-1 / -2 · Landsat UMD GLAD · GFW alerts NASA GEDI · ESA CCI Biomass AlphaEarth · Planetary Computer Camera traps · SMART WDPA · IBAT · GBIF Ingestion → common staging, every product cataloged as a STAC item §07 SHARED LAYER Land-cover backbone — RLCMS, validated against Collect Earth Online reference samples ONE CHANGE-DETECTION PIPELINE — READ TWO WAYS (N2) Theme modules — twelve themes, three clocks each LANDCOVER DEFOREST MINING CHARCOAL BIOMASS REDD+ MANGROVE WETLAND BIODIV ECOSERV WILDLIFE NBS every module emits the same object — LandCoverChange (N1) Read 1 — Protect Nature Is this change unauthorised? Cross-reference protected-area and concession boundaries, and community territory. → ROUTE TO ENFORCEMENT Read 2 — Nature-Based Solutions & MRV Is this change authorised? Compute activity data against the national forest monitoring system methodology. → ROUTE TO ACCOUNTING (N5) an illegal-mining alert and a REDD+ activity-data update are the same signal, read for two purposes Domain agents, MCP-wrapped (N4) — registered in the Agent2Agent registry (§02) Land Cover & Change Illegal Mining Logging / Deforestation REDD+ / MRV Biodiversity & InVEST LCEM Orchestrator Agent — routes by PDD component HUMAN-APPROVAL CHECKPOINT · NEVER AUTONOMOUS PUBLICATION OPEN ACCESS — OGC API · STAC · enforcement and planning portals MRV DATA TO A REGISTRY — NEVER A CREDIT (N6)

Fig. 7 — One pipeline, one fork. The right-hand output stops at MRV data; issuing or guaranteeing a credit is outside the platform boundary by design.

The rights and accounting layers

Global Risk asks who is exposed; NRM asks a harder question — whose land is this, who is allowed to change it, and what was the change worth. Those are the companion layers, and two of them are the weakest data in the whole ecosystem.

StackLayerSource & licenceResolution / currencyOpen question
Backbone
the base map
Land cover & changeRLCMS + Collect Earth Online, harmonised with ESA CCI / Esri LULC10–30 m, annual from 2000None — SERVIR's strongest existing asset
People
whose land, whose capacity
Indigenous & community territoriesRAISG (Amazon) + national cadastres — the TerraOnTrack precedentVector, irregular updateNo global layer exists; coverage is Amazon-strong, elsewhere thin
Enforcement footprintSMART patrol coverage and effort dataSite-level, continuous where deployedHeld by protected-area authorities, not openly published
Environment
what is protected
Protected areasWDPA / IUCN — the same layer §04 joins as its Nature stackVector, quarterlyNone — one licence decision covers both platforms (Decision #17)
Biodiversity & species rangeIBAT (paid, STAR metric) or GBIF + Planetary Computer MoBI/Intactness (open)VariesGenuine build-vs-licence decision, still open
Assets
stock and entitlement
Carbon stockESA CCI Biomass + NASA GEDI~100 m – 1 km, periodicUsable today, and underused in official FREL submissions
Concessions & licencesNational mining and forestry concession registriesVector, national, highly variableThe weakest layer in the platform — and the Illegal Logging Agent cannot separate authorised from unauthorised change without it
The concession-boundary problem is the one to name out loud. Every enforcement claim this platform makes — "this logging is illegal", "this mine is outside its licence" — rests on a concession layer that is national, inconsistently published, and in several countries not public at all. The platform can detect change with high confidence and still be unable to say whether it was permitted. Until that layer is sourced country by country, Protect Nature outputs should read as unattributed change detected, not as an allegation.

Build detail — the six seams

N1 The LandCoverChange contract

The third of the three platform contracts, and the same discipline as HazardFootprint and FieldObservation. A mining alert, a mangrove loss and a REDD+ activity-data update are all one object: a polygon, a from-class, a to-class, a date range and a confidence.

LandCoverChange geometry polygon, STAC-catalogued theme enum(12) # the matrix row clock enum(alert|annual|scenario) from_class to_class # the change itself detected date | period | scenario+horizon authorised enum(yes|no|unknown) # requires the concession layer provenance sensor, model, version, reference samples confidence enum(detection|estimation|proxy) + accuracy figure

authorised: unknown is the honest default, and it should be the value most of the time until concession data is sourced. A pipeline that defaults to no is producing allegations.

N2 One change-detection pipeline, two consumption modes

Protect Nature and Nature-Based Solutions are not two systems. An illegal-mining alert and a REDD+ activity-data update are the same kind of signal — a change in land cover — read for two different purposes. Building them separately duplicates the expensive part (detection) to avoid duplicating the cheap part (routing).

detect(change) → LandCoverChange ├─ read as ENFORCEMENT : cross-reference PA, concession, territory │ → unauthorised? → route to enforcement └─ read as ACCOUNTING : authorised change → activity data → NFMS methodology → MRV report (N5)

N3 The rights-and-accounting join

Structurally the same service as §04's E3 and §05's F3 — a footprint goes in, an annotated bundle comes out with provenance attached. What differs is the stacks: territory, enforcement coverage, protected-area status, carbon stock and concession status. It is also where the authorised field of N1 is actually resolved, which is why the concession gap above is an engineering blocker and not just a data wish.

N4 The agent contract, and the one architecturally different agent

Five of the six agents follow the standard pattern. The Wildlife Trafficking Signal Agent does not, and it is worth being explicit about why: remote sensing cannot meaningfully detect the trade or movement of wildlife products. That module is a data-integration layer over ground-based systems — MegaDetector inference on camera-trap imagery, SMART for case management — providing aggregation and decision support rather than new detection technology. Scoping it as if it were another EO detector is the mistake to avoid (Decision #4 sequences it behind mining and logging for exactly this reason).

N5 The MRV evidentiary envelope

The counterpart to Food Security's EUDR channel. An MRV report is submitted to a registry or under a UNFCCC commitment, which makes it an evidentiary record with a defined methodology, a stated uncertainty and a reproducible chain back to reference samples. SEPAL and the FAO Open Foris methodology are the standard; Open Foris Arena's schema and the GFOI/OpenMRV methodology library are what the decision-support report should be built against, since no finished tool for that last step exists.

authorised change → activity data (area, from/to class) × emission factor (GEDI + CCI Biomass) → emission estimate + uncertainty → formatted to the receiving registry's standard → reproducible: reference samples, method version, analyst of record

N6 The credibility guardrail

A 2023 investigation (The Guardian, Die Zeit, SourceMaterial) found more than 90% of Verra's rainforest REDD+ offset credits likely did not represent genuine emissions reductions, largely due to inflated deforestation baselines. Verra disputed the findings but substantially overhauled its methodology afterwards, and its CEO resigned shortly after. That history is the direct reason for the boundary drawn in Fig. 7: the platform supplies rigorous MRV data into a contested downstream market, and does not issue, register or guarantee credits. The guardrail is architectural, not editorial — the MRV output path terminates at a report, and no agent in the system has a tool that mints a credit.

N7The layer this plan does not have — intervention prioritisation

Every capability specified across §04–06 answers a monitoring question: what is happening now, what the annualised baseline is, how that baseline shifts under climate. That is the three-clock grammar, and it is deliberate. But it stops one step short of the question a land manager actually arrives with — given a fixed budget, where do we intervene, and what do we get for it? No element in this plan answers that, and the omission is easy to miss because it is hidden in plain sight: three of the use cases below already imply it. Where rangers patrol in Prey Lang. Which degraded mining sites in Ghana get remediated first. Which stretches of Vietnamese coast get mangrove protection against shrimp aquaculture. Each is the same constrained-optimisation problem, currently answered ad hoc, per use case, by hand.

The reference implementation already exists and is SIG's own. github.com/OurPlanscape/Planscape — a wildfire-resilience treatment planner built by SIG for the US Forest Service, ~7,200 commits, Angular + Django + PostGIS, wrapping ForSys (Ager, Day and Evers, USFS) for the optimisation itself alongside FVS, GridFire, TreeMap and PROMOTe. Its licence is CC0 — public domain, no attribution obligation, strictly more permissive than anything else in this plan's dependency set.

And it carries the same constraint as pyretechnics, which is now a pattern rather than a coincidence. Planscape runs on California Regional Resource Kits — ten resilience pillars at 30 m, California-only, with custom dataset upload still unbuilt. pyretechnics runs on LANDFIRE fuel models, US-only. In both cases the method transfers and the data pipeline does not. SIG's fire and land-treatment stack is portable in code and locked in data, and the recurring cost of adopting any of it into SERVIR is the same line item every time: build the regional input layer. That is one procurement question, not two, and it should be scoped as one.

What to do with this is a scoping decision, not an engineering one, so it is logged as Decision #23 rather than specified here. The architectural point stands regardless of that outcome: if the platform only ever tells governments what is happening, it stops exactly where their actual decision begins.

Already built

Backbone

RLCMS + CEO

SERVIR's own land-cover product, plus Collect Earth Online for sample-based labeling and accuracy assessment. Repos: SERVIR/RLCMS, Servir-Mekong/rlcms.

Mining

CoMiMo + RAMI

Live illegal-gold-mining detection, SIG-GIS-led. SERVIR-Amazonia/comimo is the most recently updated repo across the four hub orgs (July 2026).

West Africa

Galamsey & Charcoal portals

Ghana — active mining- and illegal-charcoal-monitoring geoportals with public repos (SERVIR/galamsey).

Partners

WRI, UMD, Google, FAO, ESRI

Already named PDD contributors, plus Sentinel-1/2, Landsat, AlphaEarth, GEDI, GLAD, GFW and SEPAL in the working Nepal prototype.

Where to partner, what to build

GapStatusPartner
Illegal deforestation/logging alertsPartnerWRI (Global Forest Watch) — GLAD-L/S2, RADD, DIST-ALERT — shared with Food Security's EUDR module, not built twice.
Illegal gold miningReactivate / ScaleSERVIR's own CoMiMo/RAMI (Amazon); earthrise-media/mining-detector (Earth Genome, open) for South Asia expansion — dual-track per Decision #4.
Concession & licence boundariesNew buildNo global source — country-by-country sourcing. Blocks the authorised field in N1.
REDD+ MRV / TFFF NFMS harmonizationPartnerFAO (Open Foris / SEPAL team) — also coordinating TFFF's cross-country harmonization.
Biodiversity data / STAR metricPartner + BuildIBAT Alliance (paid) or open GBIF + Planetary Computer stack — genuine build-vs-license decision.
Ecosystem service valuationPartner + BuildInVEST (Stanford Natural Capital Project) — light-touch adoption; running it against SERVIR's own land cover is the integration work.
Wildlife traffickingAdoptMegaDetector (Microsoft AI for Good, self-hostable) + SMART (WCS consortium) — sequenced behind mining/logging per Decision #4.
Land-cover-to-MRV/NbS decision-support reportNew buildNo finished tool exists — build against Open Foris Arena's schema and the GFOI/OpenMRV methodology library.

Domain agents

AgentMCP-wrapped toolsWorkflow it encodes
Land Cover & Change AgentRLCMS + CEO + UMD GLAD/GFW alert stackClassify/update land cover against CEO reference → detect change → tag each event for Protect Nature or NbS consumption.
Illegal Mining Detection AgentCoMiMo + RAMI + earthrise-media/mining-detectorCandidate mining change → score against the tool with regional authority → route confirmed detections to enforcement.
Illegal Logging/Deforestation AgentGFW alert stack (shared with Food Security's EUDR agent)Deforestation alerts → cross-reference protected-area/concession boundaries → route unauthorized change to enforcement, authorized change to REDD+/MRV Agent.
REDD+/MRV AgentSEPAL + FAO Open Foris methodologyAuthorized change data → compute activity data per NFMS methodology → format MRV report to the receiving registry's standard.
Biodiversity & Ecosystem Service Valuation AgentIBAT/open GBIF+Planetary Computer stack + InVESTLand-cover + species-range data → run STAR (or open approximation) and InVEST → attach limitations/currency disclosure.
Wildlife Trafficking Signal AgentMegaDetector (inference) + SMART (case management)Camera-trap imagery → MegaDetector triage → feed confirmed detections to SMART → flag patrol anomalies. Scope-contingent, Decision #4
LCEM Orchestrator AgentAll agents above, via A2ARoute by PDD component — never conflate the platform's MRV-data role with issuing or guaranteeing credits.

Use cases from the SERVIR archive

This is the best-documented of the three platforms in the public archive — seventeen of nineteen recovered cases name a specific institution, and an unusually high share of those are ministry-level. That matters for the matrix above: these are not pilots looking for a user.

Hindu Kush Himalaya · ICIMOD

National Land Cover Monitoring System — Nepal

User
Forest Research and Training Centre (FRTC), Nepal
Tool
NLCMS — annual land cover 2000–2019, queryable by province, district or physiographic zone
Decision
Tracking forest cover change and "preparing a long-term strategy for achieving Nepal's Nationally Determined Contribution targets"
Matrix
Land cover × Clock 2 — the starting hub's flagship
servir.icimod.org — NLCMS Nepal
Southeast Asia · ADPC

Protected Area Alerts — Cambodia

Users
Ministry of Environment (MOE); Provincial Department of Environment; UNDP
Tool
Near-real-time forest change alerts, applied to Prey Lang Wildlife Sanctuary
Decision
Where rangers patrol — officials "prioritize scarce resources for more efficient patrol planning and better protection"
Matrix
Biodiversity × Clock 1 · People (enforcement)
servir.adpc.net/tools/protected_alert_detail.html
Amazonia

RAMI — radar mining monitoring, Peru

Users
Ministerio del Ambiente (MINAM); Conservación Amazónica (ACCA) as lead developer; Alliance Bioversity & CIAT; Spatial Informatics Group
Tool
Sentinel-1 SAR near-real-time gold-mining detection that works through cloud cover year-round
Decision
Where the government targets eradication of illegal mining and monitors permitted concessions — identifying "new illegal mining fronts in priority areas, such as protected area buffer zones"
Matrix
Mining × Clock 1 · Assets (concessions)
nasa.gov/missions/servir — tracking illegal Amazon gold mines in Peru
Amazonia

CoMiMo — Colombian mining monitoring

Users
Ministry of Environment of Colombia; ANLA (environmental licensing authority); Universidad del Rosario as co-developer
Tool
AI model predictions of mining sites with monthly municipal subscriptions and community validation of model output
Decision
Which municipalities and licensed or unlicensed sites environmental authorities investigate
Matrix
Mining × Clock 1 — and the community-validation loop is the N1 confidence field in practice
appcenter.servirglobal.net/detail/35
West Africa · ICRISAT / CERSGIS

Galamsey artisanal mining monitoring — Ghana

User
A Rocha Ghana — "will use the information to target areas for remediation and landscape restoration activities"
Tool
Artisanal Gold Mining Monitoring Portal — illegal mining sites across Ghana and associated land degradation
Decision
Which degraded mining sites get prioritised for remediation and restoration
Matrix
Mining × Clocks 1–2 · NbS overlap
servir.icrisat.org/artisanal-mining-galamsey-monitoring
Amazonia

MANGLEE — mangrove monitoring, Ecuador

Users
CIIFEN; Ministry of Environment of Ecuador
Tool
GEE tool using Sentinel-1 SAR and Sentinel-2 with Random Forest; mangrove maps for 2018, 2020, 2022
Decision
Coastal management strategy and conservation prioritisation against shrimp-aquaculture expansion
Matrix
Mangroves × Clock 2 — one of the five regional cells to generalise
servirglobal.net/services/monitoring-mangroves-ecuador
Amazonia

GuyMIS — mangrove monitoring, Guyana

Users
National Agricultural Research and Extension Institute (NAREI); University of Guyana
Tool
Mangrove extent and change data made freely available to government and civil society
Decision
Action on deforestation hotspots, land-use planning, and protection for farmers in the low-lying coastal zone
Matrix
Mangroves × Clock 2 · People + Environment
guy-mangroves.servirglobal.net/about
Southeast Asia / Mekong

Regional Land Cover Monitoring System

Users
USAID/Cambodia; Conservation International; WCS Cambodia; WWF; FFI; BirdLife; DENR Philippines
Tool
RLCMS — annual land cover from 2000; Vietnam rice extent and timing products
Decision
Carbon emissions reporting for UN REDD+ and voluntary carbon markets; in Vietnam, "drought risk assessment and more effective water allocation decisions"
Matrix
Land cover × Clock 2 → REDD+ × Clock 2 — the N2 fork, already in production
servirglobal.net/services/land-cover-monitoring-forest-protection-and-healthy-ecosystems
Eastern & Southern Africa · RCMRD

Land use / land cover mapping — Rwanda

User
Rwanda Natural Resources Authority (RNRA)
Tool
SERVIR/RCMRD land use and land cover maps
Decision
Measuring change in stored CO₂ and reporting NDCs to the UNFCCC; balancing agricultural land against forest conservation
Matrix
Land cover × Clock 2 → carbon stock × Clock 2
climatelinks.org — RCMRD/SERVIR and Rwanda
Amazonia

Collect Earth Online for national forest monitoring — Ecuador

Users
Ministry of Environment, Water and Ecological Transition (MAATE); EcoCiencia; Alliance Bioversity & CIAT
Tool
Collect Earth Online, co-developed with EcoCiencia and SERVIR-Amazonia
Decision
Validating National Monitoring System maps and land-cover estimates, and supporting indigenous forest-dependent groups to use degradation data in their own decisions
Matrix
Land cover × Clock 2 — the CEO half of the backbone
cgspace.cgiar.org — CEO for national forest monitoring, Ecuador
Amazonia

Forest change and ecosystem services — Acre / Ucayali

Users
SEMAPI-Acre (Brazil); CPI-Acre; Gobierno Regional de Ucayali (Peru); indigenous communities of Sierra del Divisor and the Yurua/Purus watersheds
Tool
Scenario modelling of provisioning and regulating ecosystem services under forest change
Decision
Analysing trade-offs of a planned transnational transport corridor against forest cover and hydrological services
Matrix
Ecosystem services × Clock 3 — the one strong scenario cell, and the template for the rest of that column
servirglobal.net/services — forest changes and ecosystem services
Southeast Asia

SWARM — water resources management, Vietnam

Users
NAWAPI (Vietnam National Center for Water Resources Planning and Investigation); ADPC; Stockholm Environment Institute
Tool
SWARM — water allocation scenario assessment for Lower Mekong catchments
Decision
Which water allocation scenario informs basin development strategy
Matrix
Wetlands & inland water × Clock 3
Status
Reactivation candidate — retired per the App Center (§09), and the top restart target on that list: it fills this exact cell, with a named ministry user and an existing method.
appcenter.servirglobal.net/detail/77

Seven further NRM services are documented and carried here in brief: Charcoal Production Site Monitoring (Ghana — A Rocha, Solidaridad), Land-cover mapping for GHG inventories (RCMRD, nine countries), REDD+ forest monitoring capacity (Kenya, Uganda, Zambia — mapping cycle shortened from six years to about one), TerraOnTrack (CPI-Acre, Imaflora, SIG — community territorial threat detection), Ecosystem services at the forest-agricultural interface (Imaflora, Brazil/Peru), MOCAF forest-road monitoring (ACCA, ABSAT) and iSWIM inland water quality (RCMRD).

The hub-footprint mismatch, again. LCEM's starting hub is South Asia, and its flagship case there — Nepal's NLCMS with FRTC — is genuinely strong. But eight of the twelve documented cases above sit in Amazonia, and the mining, mangrove and scenario-modelling assets that fill the matrix's hardest cells were all built there. Starting in South Asia while the deepest Protect Nature demand and capability sit in Amazonia is a sequencing decision worth making deliberately rather than inheriting (Decision #8).
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